Timeline

Prophecy and interpretation through time

When prophecies were given, the dates people predicted from them, proposed fulfillments and later interpretations. Choose a view: the overview shows where the material lies, the chronicle reads century by century, life-lines follow one prophecy or one line of prediction, and said vs. expected shows how far ahead each prediction looked.

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525 dates

9th century BCE

  1. Eighth century BCE · Cambridge estimate, disputed

    Psalm 50: an eighth-century composition estimate

    Prophecy given or recordedPsalm 50: God calls his people to judgmentGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges introduction to Psalm 50 assigns it to the eighth century BCE on comparison with prophetic criticism of sacrifice. This is an attributed historical estimate, not consensus or an Asaph speech date. Kilchör and Weber (2014), section F, report a commonly proposed early post-exilic dating but argue instead for a setting after 722 BCE, probably under Hezekiah. These differing estimates remain explicit.

    Whole-century bounds express the cited estimate; composition is disputed.

    Date reference ↗ Additional dating source ↗

8th century BCE

  1. Eighth century BCE to after the exile · USCCB

    Estimated composition of Deuteronomy

    Prophecy given or recordedDeuteronomy 32:36–43: the Lord judges and avenges his peopleGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says Deuteronomy was probably composed over three centuries, “from the eighth century to the exile and beyond,” and notes its relation to the book found in the Temple around 622 B.C. The source leaves the end open; 500 BCE is approximate.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  2. Eighth century BCE to after the exile · USCCB

    Estimated composition of Deuteronomy

    Prophecy given or recordedDeuteronomy 4:25–31: scattering, and return in the end of daysGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says Deuteronomy was probably composed over three centuries, “from the eighth century to the exile and beyond,” and notes its relation to the book found in the Temple around 622 B.C. The source leaves the end open; 500 BCE is approximate.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

6th century BCE

  1. Sixth–fifth centuries BCE · book-level editorial dating

    Genesis: proposed editing period

    Prophecy given or recordedGenesis 3: the woman and the serpentJewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    USCCB’s introduction says ancient Genesis traditions were edited in the sixth or fifth century BCE, and explicitly discusses Genesis 2:4–3:24 within the creation narrative. This is an attributed book-level editorial estimate.

    Date reference ↗

  2. 17 October 520 BCE · seventh month, day 21

    Haggai encourages the temple builders

    Prophecy given or recordedHaggai’s promises to the buildersGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    Haggai 2:1 dates the message in verses 1–9 to the twenty-first day of the seventh month. USCCB note 2:1 identifies 17 October 520 BCE. This is the message’s narrated date.

    Date reference ↗

  3. 18 December 520 BCE · ninth month, day 24

    Haggai promises blessing and addresses Zerubbabel

    Prophecy given or recordedHaggai’s promises to the buildersGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    Haggai 2:10 dates the priestly ruling and blessing; 2:20 introduces another message on the same date, addressed to Zerubbabel. USCCB notes 2:10, 2:18 and 2:20 identify 18 December 520 BCE.

    Date reference ↗

5th century BCE

  1. Approximately fifth century BCE · reported setting

    Reported setting: the Buddha’s lifetime

    Prophecy given or recordedWhen the original teaching is replacedBuddhist — Theravāda

    Dating basis

    The discourse places this speech during the Buddha’s lifetime. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy dates his life broadly to the fifth century BCE while documenting other proposals and prolonged oral transmission.

    Approximate narrated setting during the Buddha’s lifetime

    Date reference ↗

  2. Approximately fifth century BCE · reported setting

    Reported setting: the Buddha’s lifetime

    Prophecy given or recordedWhat makes the true Dhamma disappear?Buddhist — Theravāda

    Dating basis

    The discourse places this speech during the Buddha’s lifetime. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy dates his life broadly to the fifth century BCE while documenting other proposals and prolonged oral transmission.

    Approximate narrated setting during the Buddha’s lifetime

    Date reference ↗

  3. Approximately fifth century BCE · reported setting

    Reported setting: the Buddha’s lifetime

    Prophecy given or recordedGotamī’s ordination and five hundred yearsBuddhist — Theravāda

    Dating basis

    The discourse places this speech during the Buddha’s lifetime. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy dates his life broadly to the fifth century BCE while documenting other proposals and prolonged oral transmission.

    Approximate narrated setting during the Buddha’s lifetime

    Date reference ↗

  4. 5th–2nd centuries BCE · Zaehner’s estimate

    Bhagavadgītā: estimated composition

    Prophecy given or recordedBhagavadgītā 4: appearing age after ageGeneral Hinduism

    Dating basis

    Nicholas Sutton, The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Guide (2016), p.9 / PDF page 17, cites R.C. Zaehner (1973), p.7, placing composition between the fifth and second centuries BCE.

    Date reference ↗

  5. Around 450 BCE

    Estimated composition of Malachi

    Prophecy given or recordedMalachi 3:1–6Jewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    Zondervan’s Encyclopedia of the Bible dates composition approximately to the middle of the fifth century BCE. This is a book-level estimate.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  6. About 450 BCE · book composition

    Estimated composition of the Book of Malachi

    Prophecy given or recordedElijah returnsGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    The Encyclopedia of the Bible dates the book to about 450 BCE. It also notes debate over whether the concluding Elijah passage is a later addition.

    Date reference ↗

  7. Approximately 450–400 BCE

    Estimated composition of Joel

    Prophecy given or recordedJoel: the Spirit poured outGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    USCCB favors a postexilic composition around 450–400 BCE, based on temple organization, language and use of earlier prophetic tradition.

    Date reference ↗

  8. Probably 450–400 BCE · USCCB estimate

    Estimated composition of Joel

    Prophecy given or recordedJoel 3: the nations judged in the valley of JehoshaphatJewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says internal evidence favors a postexilic date for Joel’s composition, probably 450–400 B.C.; the superscription itself gives no historical setting.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

2nd century BCE

  1. Approximately 167–164 BCE · critical dating

    A critical dating of Daniel’s final composition

    Prophecy given or recordedDaniel’s vision of resurrectionGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    USCCB dates Daniel’s composition to Antiochus IV’s persecution, a critical dating distinct from its earlier narrative setting.

    Date reference ↗

  2. Approximately 167–164 BCE · critical dating

    A critical dating of Daniel’s final composition

    Prophecy given or recordedDaniel 7: oppressive kings and an everlasting kingdomJewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    USCCB dates Daniel’s composition to Antiochus IV’s persecution, a critical dating distinct from its earlier narrative setting.

    Date reference ↗

  3. Approximately 167–164 BCE · critical dating

    Daniel: estimated final composition

    Prophecy given or recordedDaniel 8: the sanctuary and the 2,300 evenings and morningsJewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    USCCB dates the book’s composition to Antiochus IV’s persecution, 167–164 BCE, and explicitly includes chapters 7–12 as its visions. Source rechecked 11 September 2026.

    Date reference ↗

  4. Approximately 167–164 BCE · critical dating

    A critical dating of Daniel’s final composition

    Prophecy given or recordedDaniel 2: the image and the stone cut out without handsJewish / Christian — Shared scriptures

    Dating basis

    USCCB dates Daniel’s composition to Antiochus IV’s persecution, a critical dating distinct from its earlier narrative setting.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  5. Around 125 BCE · surviving Hebrew manuscript

    Isaiah preserved in the Great Isaiah Scroll

    Prophecy given or recordedThe branch from JesseGeneral Judaism

    Dating basis

    The Israel Museum dates the Great Isaiah Scroll to approximately 125 BCE and states that its 54 columns contain all 66 chapters of Isaiah. This is a manuscript witness for the book containing Isaiah 11.

    Date reference ↗

1st century

  1. Approximately 30–33 CE · narrative setting

    Jesus’ discourse is set shortly before his death

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    Narrative setting inferred from the Gospel placement before the Passion and the widely discussed crucifixion years, 30 and 33 CE.

    Date reference ↗

  2. Around 50 CE · Wallace’s Pauline dating

    2 Thessalonians: early composition estimate

    Prophecy given or recorded2 Thessalonians 2: the lawless one and the restrainerGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    Daniel B. Wallace proposes spring–summer 50 CE and defends Pauline authorship. This is one attributed estimate.

    Date reference ↗

  3. Approximately 50–120 CE · broad proposed range

    Estimated period for the Didache’s composition

    Prophecy given or recordedThe Didache’s account of the Lord’s comingChristian — Early Christianity

    Dating basis

    Early Christian Writings gives a broad composition range of 50–120 CE and documents disagreement over the work’s dating.

    Date reference ↗

  4. Around 51 CE

    Paul writes 1 Thessalonians about Christ’s return

    Prophecy given or recordedThe dead and living meet the LordGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    USCCB places Timothy’s return to Paul probably in early summer 51 CE and identifies it as the occasion for 1 Thessalonians.

    Date reference ↗

  5. Around 56 CE

    Estimated composition of First Corinthians

    Prophecy given or recorded1 Corinthians 15:20–28General Christianity

    Dating basis

    USCCB dates Paul’s writing of this letter from Ephesus to about 56 CE. This is a letter-level composition estimate.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  6. Between 56 and 58 CE · USCCB estimate

    Paul writes to the Romans

    Prophecy given or recordedRomans 11:11–32: until the fulness of the Gentiles be come inGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says Paul wrote Romans from Greece, likely Corinth, between A.D. 56 and 58.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  7. Around 70 CE

    Estimated composition of Mark’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    PBS Frontline places Mark around 70 CE; USCCB describes the traditional date as shortly before 70.

    Date reference ↗

  8. Approximately 80–90 CE

    Estimated composition of Luke’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    USCCB reports a proposed composition range of 80–90 CE for Luke’s Gospel.

    Date reference ↗

  9. Approximately 80–90 CE

    Estimated composition of Luke’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedLuke 12: be ready for the returning masterGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    USCCB reports a proposed composition range of 80–90 CE for Luke’s Gospel.

    Date reference ↗

  10. Around 80–90 CE · common scholarly proposal

    Estimated composition of Luke and Acts

    Prophecy given or recordedActs 1:6–11: the times not given to know, and Jesus to come in like mannerGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction to Acts refers the date of Acts to its introduction to Luke, the first volume of the same work, which says many scholars propose A.D. 80–90 for Luke’s composition. This approximates the two-volume work;

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  11. Around 80–90 CE · common scholarly proposal

    Estimated composition of Luke and Acts

    Prophecy given or recordedActs 17:22–31: a day appointed for judging the worldGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction to Acts refers the date of Acts to its introduction to Luke, the first volume of the same work, which says many scholars propose A.D. 80–90 for Luke’s composition. This approximates the two-volume work;

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  12. Around 80–90 CE · common scholarly proposal

    Estimated composition of Luke and Acts

    Prophecy given or recordedActs 3:19–26: times of refreshing and the restitution of all thingsGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction to Acts refers the date of Acts to its introduction to Luke, the first volume of the same work, which says many scholars propose A.D. 80–90 for Luke’s composition. This approximates the two-volume work;

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  13. 80–100 CE · Kirby’s later dating

    2 Thessalonians: alternative later composition

    Prophecy given or recorded2 Thessalonians 2: the lawless one and the restrainerGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    Peter Kirby’s Early Christian Writings assigns 80–100 CE and argues for a later author writing in Paul’s name.

    Date reference ↗

  14. Reign of Domitian (81–96 CE), probably near its end · USCCB

    Estimated date of Revelation in its present form

    Prophecy given or recordedRevelation 1:1–8: he cometh with cloudsGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says the date of the book in its present form is probably near the end of the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81–96). The source favors the last years of the reign.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  15. Reign of Domitian (81–96 CE), probably near its end · USCCB

    Estimated date of Revelation in its present form

    Prophecy given or recordedRevelation 6: the six seals and the falling starsGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    The USCCB introduction says the date of the book in its present form is probably near the end of the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81–96). The source favors the last years of the reign.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  16. Around 85 CE

    Estimated composition of Matthew’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    PBS Frontline places the composition of Matthew’s Gospel around 85 CE.

    Date reference ↗

  17. Around 85 CE

    Estimated composition of Matthew’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedMatthew 13: parables of the kingdom and the harvestGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    John Dominic Crossan, in the PBS Frontline transcript, places Matthew around the year 85. This is a book-composition estimate.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  18. Around 85 CE

    Estimated composition of Matthew’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    John Dominic Crossan, in the PBS Frontline transcript, places Matthew around the year 85. This is a book-composition estimate. The PBS Matthew profile gives the broader 80–90 CE range.

    Book-level approximate composition date.

    Date reference ↗ Additional dating source ↗

  19. Around 85 CE

    Estimated composition of Matthew

    Prophecy given or recordedJesus’ discourse on the Mount of OlivesGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    Book-level composition estimate follows the existing Matthew assertion sourced to PBS Frontline.

    Approximate date of the whole biblical work

    Date reference ↗

  20. Around 85 CE

    Estimated composition of Matthew’s Gospel

    Prophecy given or recordedMatthew 8:5–13: many shall come from the east and westGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    John Dominic Crossan, in the PBS Frontline transcript, places Matthew around the year 85. This is a book-composition estimate.

    Crossan’s approximate year (‘say in the year 85’) for the whole Gospel

    Date reference ↗

  21. Approximately 90–95 CE · one proposed range

    Estimated composition of Revelation’s final form

    Prophecy given or recordedA new heaven and a new earthGeneral Christianity

    Dating basis

    Early Christian Writings gives 90–95 CE; USCCB places Revelation’s present form near the end of Domitian’s reign. This follows the late-date view.

    Date reference ↗

Durations and conditions

Some passages give a span of time, a relative deadline or a condition. Explore those expressions here, with the words and context that define them.

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112 timing expressions

General Judaism · Duration

Nahmanides: complete redemption in the year 1,335 from the destruction

1,335 years from the destruction; 1,540 years under Rome

for in the year one thousand three hundred and thirty-five our redemption will be complete

Nahmanides places the complete redemption in the 1,335th year after the destruction, forty-five years after the 1,290th, and adds Rome’s 206 years of rule before the destruction, giving, in his figure, 1,540 years under Rome.

Sefer ha-Geulah · Moses ben Naḥman (Nahmanides), Sefer ha-Geulah, fourth gate (ed. Lipschütz, London, 1909, pp. 30–31); new English translation by Rainbow Watch (2026).

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Judaism — Sabbatean · Duration

Nathan: the Messiah takes the Sultan’s crown one year from 27 Kislev

One year from 27 Kislev

That one year from the 27th of Kislau

Rycaut reports Nathan’s prophecy that one year from 27 Kislev the Messiah would appear before the Sultan and take his crown. Rycaut glosses Kislev as July (his margin prints June; Kislev falls in November–December).

The History of the Turkish Empire from the Year 1623 to the Year 1677

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Jewish / Christian — Shared scriptures · Duration

Orson Pratt: the two prophets hold the city for three and a half years

Three and a half years

Three and a half years, so says John the Revelator.

Pratt takes the interval from Revelation 11 and places it before the Mount of Olives event. No starting date is given.

Orson Pratt on the second advent and the return of the Jews · Orson Pratt, as reported by David W. Evans, 25 July 1875; Journal of Discourses 18, pp. 65–66, six paragraphs from “After awhile, when tens of” through “Saints will come with him.”

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Jewish / Christian — Shared scriptures · Duration

Parley P. Pratt: a three-and-a-half-year siege before the Messiah comes

Three years and a half; the prophets’ bodies lie three days and a half

have more or less power over it for three years and a half

Pratt draws these intervals from Revelation 11 and places them before the Messiah’s coming in Zechariah 14. They have no stated starting date.

A Voice of Warning · Parley P. Pratt, A Voice of Warning, eleventh edition (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Company, 1881), chapter II, “On the Fulfilment of Prophecy Yet Future,” pp. 82–86; five paragraphs from “Zachariah, in his fourteenth chapter” through “the saints of the Most High.”

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Jewish / Christian — Shared scriptures · Minimum interval

Pratt distinguishes this gathering from the final judgment

Final judgment more than a thousand years after this gathering

Not the final judgment, because that is to take place more than a thousand years after this.

Pratt places the Ancient of Days’ judgment before the final judgment, which he describes as more than a thousand years later.

Orson Pratt on Daniel’s vision · Orson Pratt, as reported by George F. Gibbs, 25 February 1877; Journal of Discourses 18, pp. 341–344, twelve paragraphs from “Who would be the most likely person” through “Lord of lords upon this earth.”

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General Latter-day Saint · Relative deadline

Pratt, 1877: some of the 1832 generation will still be living

Some people living in 1832 will see the house reared

the people living in 1832, when the revelation was given, will not all pass away

Forty-five years after the revelation, Pratt says a generation has no fixed length in this usage and that some people living in 1832 will survive to see the house built.

Orson Pratt on what a generation means · Orson Pratt, as reported by George F. Gibbs, 9 December 1877; Journal of Discourses 19, pp. 215–216, one paragraph from “As regards the number of” through “things are at our doors.”

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General Latter-day Saint · Condition

Pratt: return only under the law of consecration

If the Saints keep the celestial law

If we would go back then, we must comply with the celestial law

Pratt makes the return conditional: a return under the existing order would fail, and the Saints must first live the law of consecration. This is his interpretation, not added wording of D&C 84.

Orson Pratt on the temple promised to the generation of 1832 · Orson Pratt, as reported by David W. Evans, 14 June 1874; Journal of Discourses 17, pp. 111–112, four paragraphs from “Shall we ever return to” through “before God, and never before.”

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General Latter-day Saint · Condition

Pratt: the return waits for the remnant of Joseph

Not until a large portion of the remnants of Joseph go back with the Saints

never can have the privilege of going back to Jackson County

Pratt conditions the building of the New Jerusalem on the conversion and participation of the remnant of Joseph, while saying not all the tribes must first be converted.

Orson Pratt on the redemption of Zion · Orson Pratt, as reported by David W. Evans, 7 February 1875; Journal of Discourses 17, pp. 301–302, three paragraphs from “What I wish to call” through “after the city is built.”

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General Latter-day Saint · Relative deadline

Pratt: the temple before the generation of 1832 has all passed away

Before the generation living in 1832 has all passed away

before the generation that was living forty-two years ago has all passed away

Speaking in June 1874, Pratt counts forty-two years from the 1832 revelation and expects the Saints to return and build the Jackson County temple before that generation has entirely died. He says the time “must be pretty near.”

Orson Pratt on the temple promised to the generation of 1832 · Orson Pratt, as reported by David W. Evans, 14 June 1874; Journal of Discourses 17, pp. 111–112, four paragraphs from “Shall we ever return to” through “before God, and never before.”

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General Latter-day Saint · Relative deadline

Pratt: the times of the Gentiles end within the generation of the early Church

Within the generation living in the Church’s early days; forty-three years already passed

the times of the Gentiles would be fulfilled in the generation then living upon the earth

Pratt attributes this limit to an early latter-day revelation he does not name, counts forty-three years already elapsed in January 1874, and says he cannot tell how many years remain.

Orson Pratt on the stick of Joseph and the times of the Gentiles · Orson Pratt, as reported by David W. Evans, 25 January 1874; Journal of Discourses 16, pp. 352–353, two paragraphs from “Inquires one—"How long will the” through “promised to their ancient fathers.”

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